balik!

10.7.2008. hari khamis. lagi 6 hari nak balik. besok syimah, fatehah dengan norni balik. hari ni insyaAllah sarahwei datang sini. hmm... tak tau kenapa.. tiba-tiba hilang pulak perasaan nak balik. bukan tak nak balik cuma perasaan excited tu tiba-tiba hilang. maybe sebab exam kot.. huu..

ni dari tadi baca adrenaline tak habis-habis. ni tengah dalam proses baca pasal adverse effects dia. antara adverse effects dia:

• tachycardia and palpitation


• anginal pain in patients with angina pectoris [due to increase cardiac work]


• cardiac arrythmias [overdose]


• restlessness and anxiety


• headache, weakness and tremors


• hypertension ---> cerebral haemorrhage + pulmonary oedema


• coldness of extremities. extravasation of parenterally administered adrenaline ---> severe vasoconstriction ---> tissue necrosis + gangrene


• topical application of adrenaline on mucosal surface ---> vasoconstriction ---> hypoxia ---> compensatory rebound congestion of the mucosa

therapeutic uses of adrenaline

• given with local anaesthetic due to its vasoconstricor effect. so adrenaline a) delays absorption of local anaesthetic and prolong it duration of action. b) decreases systemic toxicity. c) decreases bleeding from site of operation


• topical haemostatic: to stop nose bleeding (epistaxis) and in bleeding peptic ulcers due to endoscopy


• treatment of allergic reactions due to liberations of histamine; urticaria, angioneuretic edema, serum sickness, anaphylactic shock.


• cardiac arrest


• acute bronchial asthma


• open angle glaucoma

tu antara benda yang dah baca... banyak lagi.. tak tertulis.. huhu.. nak membebel pasal pe tak tau.. so tulis je la pasal adrenaline.. huk3...

oh! tajuk yang tiada kena mengena dengan main isi dlm ni.. kui3... klo ada apa2 maklumat yang salah.. tolong betulkan.. time kasih.. =)

rite.. smbg baca balik..